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== Build Notes ==
 
= Build Notes =
== Installation ==
* '''[[ESX3 Installation]]''' - Example, based on an old ESX v3 build guide
* '''[[ESX3 Installation]]''' - Example, based on an old ESX v3 build guide
* '''[[ESX4i Installation]]''' - Example, bit brief in places
* [http://www.jam-software.com/heavyload/download.shtml HeavyLoad] - Load tester (stick it in a test VM, memory test doesn't really work as ESX page sharing kicks in)
* [http://www.jam-software.com/heavyload/download.shtml HeavyLoad] - Load tester (stick it in a test VM, memory test doesn't really work as ESX page sharing kicks in)


== Build Numbers ==
== Build Numbers ==
{|cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" border="1"
ESX build numbers, note that installing subsequent patches, on top of one of the major releases below will increase the build number.
|- style="background-color:#bbddff;"
{|class="vwikitable"
|-  
! ESX version  !! ESX    !! ESXi
! ESX version  !! ESX    !! ESXi
|-
|-
Line 17: Line 16:
| 3.5 Update 3 || 123630 || 123629
| 3.5 Update 3 || 123630 || 123629
|-
|-
| 3.5 Update 4 || 153875 || 153875
| 3.5 Update 4 ||colspan="2"| 153875  
|-
| 3.5 Update 5 ||colspan="2"| 207095
|-
| 4.0  ||colspan="2"| 164009
|-
| 4.0 Update 1 ||colspan="2"| 208167
|-
| 4.0 Update 2 ||colspan="2"| 261974
|-
| 4.0 Update 3 ||colspan="2"| 398348
|-
| 4.0 Update 4 ||colspan="2"| 504850
|-
| 4.1 ||colspan="2"| 260247
|-
| 4.1 Update 1  ||colspan="2"| 348481
|-
| 4.1 Update 2  ||colspan="2"| 502767
|-
|-
| 3.5 Update 5 || 207095 || 207095
| 4.1 Update 3  ||colspan="2"| 800380
|-
|-
| 4.0   || 164009 ||  
| 5.0 ||colspan="2"| 469512
|-
|-
| 4.0 Update 1 || 208167 || 208167
| 5.0 Update 1 ||colspan="2"| 623860
|-
|-
| 4.1 || 260247 ||  
| 5.1 ||colspan="2"| 799733
|}
|}
== USB Image ==
If you're installing ESXi 4 then you don't need to do this, the installer will detect the USB stick and install to it.
'''Required software etc...'''
* '''''WinImage''''' - http://www.winimage.com/download.htm
* '''''DD''''' - http://www.chrysocome.net/dd
* '''''ESXi install ISO'''''
* '''''Disk Cloner''''', eg G4U - http://www.feyrer.de/g4u/
** Ideally use a cloner that ignores the actual disk contents and does a block by block copy, anything that tries to interpret the disk image may not copy it faithfully
* You must be able to connect '''two''' image files remotely to your server, a disk cloner ''CD'' ISO, and the image ''USB'' ISO (hint: use the floppy drive).
'''Creating the USB image file'''
# Open up the ISO with WinImage
# Extract the <code> INSTALL.TGZ </code> from the ISO
# Uncompress <code> INSTALL.TGZ </code> and locate <code> .\INSTALL\usr\lib\vmware\installer\VMware-VMvisor-big-3.5.0_Update_4-153875.i386.dd.bz2 </code>
# Uncompress <code> VMware-VMvisor-big-3.5.0_Update_4-153875.i386.dd.bz2 </code> so that you have <code> VMware-VMvisor-big-3.5.0_Update_4-153875.i386.dd </code>
# Create ISO image from DD image by using DD
#* <code> dd bs=1M if=VMware-VMvisor-big-3.5.0_Update_4-153875.i386.dd of=esx3.5ihp-usbimage.iso </code>
'''Deploying the USB image file'''
# Attach your disk cloner image to your server and boot
# Once the  the server is booting to the CD ISO, attach the USB ISO
# List the avaialble disks
#* <code> list </code>
# Identify the image disk (which is 750MB) and the USB disk (which will be whatever size your USB key is)
# Copy the image to the USB key
#* <code> copydisk sd1 sd0 </code>
# Disconnect all images, reboot server, cross fingers
#* <code> reboot </code>


== VMware CLI ==
== VMware CLI ==
Line 33: Line 80:
== Security Hardening ==
== Security Hardening ==
=== Service Console ===
=== Service Console ===
Applicable to ESX only (not ESXi, as ESXi doesn't have a service console)
==== Disk Partitions ====
==== Disk Partitions ====
Suggesting partition sizing for Service Console on local disk to prevent Root partition being filled with user data
Suggesting partition sizing for Service Console on local disk to prevent Root partition being filled with user data
Line 118: Line 166:
==== Network Settings ====
==== Network Settings ====


{|cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1"
{|class="vwikitable"
|-
|-
! Setting                  !! Default !! Preferred !! Explanantion
! Setting                  !! Default !! Preferred !! Explanantion
Line 132: Line 180:
|}
|}


= Configuration Considerations =
[[Category:ESX]]
== Networking ==
=== Beacon Probing ===
Should only be used when there are 3 or more physical NIC's assigned to the vSwitch, uplinked to the network switch.  This is to enable the ESX to be able to properly determine the state of the network during a daily condition. See http://kb.vmware.com/kb/1005577 for further info.
 
= Procedures =
Links to VMware KB docs...
* [http://kb.vmware.com/kb/1026380 VMware KB1026380 - Committing snapshots on ESX/ESXi host from command line
 
== Quick commands ==
{|cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1"
|-
|<code> vmware -v </code>                    || ESX software version and build
|}
 
=== ESX Shutdown ===
* Shutdown a host ready for power off
** <code> shutdown -h now </code>
* Restart a host
** <code> shutdown -r now </code>
 
=== High Availability Stop/Start ===
* Stop HA...
** <code>  /etc/init.d/VMWAREAAM51_vmware stop  </code>
* Start HA...
** <code>  /etc/init.d/VMWAREAAM51_vmware start  </code>
 
== VMware Managment Agent Restart ==
<pre>
service mgmt-vmware restart
Stopping VMware ESX Server Management services:
  VMware ESX Server Host Agent Services                  [ OK  ]
  VMware ESX Server Host Agent Watchdog                  [ OK  ]
  VMware ESX Server Host Agent                            [  OK  ]
Starting VMware ESX Server Management services:
  VMware ESX Server Host Agent (background)              [  OK  ]
  Availability report startup (background)                [  OK  ]
</pre>
 
If this fails to stop the service, you can try to manually kill the processes. '''Untested - don't do during day, if you use this and it works, delete this warning note.'''
 
# Determine the PID's of the processes
#* <code> ps -auxwww | grep vmware-hostd </code>
#* which should give you something like, in which case the PID's are 2807 and 2825...
#* <code> root      2807  0.0  0.3  4244  884 ?        S    Mar10  0:00 /bin/sh /usr/bin/vmware-watchdog -s hostd -u 60 -q 5 -c /usr/sbin/vmware-hostd-support /usr/sbin/vmware-hostd -u </code>
#* <code> root      2825  0.1 12.0 72304 32328 ?      S    Mar10  1:14 /usr/lib/vmware/hostd/vmware-hostd /etc/vmware/hostd/config.xml -u </code>
#* <code> root    13848  0.0  0.2  3696  556 pts/0    R    08:43  0:00 grep vmware-hostd </code>
# Kill the PID's using <code> kill -p pid </code>
#* So, for example, <code> kill -9 2807 </code> and <code> kill -9 2825 </code>
# Then reattempt the service restart
 
== VMware Web Access Restart ==
<pre>
service vmware-webAccess restart
Stopping VMware ESX Server webAccess:
  VMware ESX Server webAccess                            [FAILED]
Starting VMware ESX Server webAccess:
  VMware ESX Server webAccess                            [  OK  ]
</pre>
 
 
== Maintenance Mode ==
To put the ESX into maintenance mode with no access from the Infrastructure Client (VCP) use the following commands - use with caution
 
Put esx into maintenance mode:
<pre>
vimsh -n -e /hostsvc/maintenance_mode_enter
</pre>
 
check the esx is in maintenance mode
<pre>
vimsh -n -e /hostsvc/runtimeinfo | grep inMaintenanceMode | awk ‘{print $3}’
</pre>
 
exit maintenance mode
<pre>
vimsh -n -e /hostsvc/maintenance_mode_exit
</pre>
 
 
== TCPDump Network Sniffer ==
Basic network sniffer available in Service Console
 
[http://www.tcpdump.org/tcpdump_man.html TCPDump instruction manual]
 
EG To sniff all traffic on the Service Console interface, vswif0, going to/from 159.104.227.40
 
<code> tcpdump -i vswif0 host 159.104.224.70 </code>
 
 
== Security ==
=== Password Complexity Override ===
In order to be able to change a user (or root) password to one that breaches password complexity checking
 
# Disable PAM module
#* <code> esxcfg-auth --usepamqc -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 </code>
# Disable complexity checker
#* <code> esxcfg-auth --usecrack -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 </code>
# Change password
# Re-enable PAM module
#* <code> esxcfg-auth --usepamqc=-1 -1 -1 -1  8 8 </code>
 
=== Regenerate Certificate ===
You might need to regenerate certificates if
* Change ESX host name
* Accidentally delete the certificates
 
To generate new Certificates for the ESX Server host...
# Change directories to /etc/vmware/ssl.
# Create backups of any existing certificates:
#* <code> mv rui.crt orig.rui.crt </code>
#* <code> mv rui.key orig.rui.key </code>
# Rstart the vmware-hostd process:
#* <code> service mgmt-vmware restart </code>
# Confirm that the ESX Server host generated new certificates by executing the following command comparing the time stamps of the new certificate files with orig.rui.crt and orig.rui.key
#* <code> ls -la </code>
 
 
== HBA and SAN Operations ==
=== VMFS / LUN Addition ===
The new LUN needs to be carved up and presented to all ESX's that should see it (normally all ESX's from a particular cluster).  Once completed, follow the procedure below to add to the ESX's...
# Pick ESX in cluster with lowest load
# Go to '''Storage Adapters''', hit '''Rescan...''' and untick the ''Scan for New VMFS Volumes''
# Once scan has complete, go to '''Storage''', and hit '''Add Storage...'''
# Click '''Next >''' to select ''Disk/LUN'' storage
# Select the appropriate device and click '''Next >'''
# Check the current disk layout (ie its blank if its meant to be) and click '''Next >'''
# Give the datastore an appropriate name, and click '''Next >'''
# Select an approriate block size (this limits maximum VMDK size), and click '''Next >'''
# Review config and click '''Finish'''
# On the remaining ESX's, go to '''Storage Adapters''', hit '''Rescan...''' (leave both boxes checked)
 
=== SAN LUN ID ===
The SAN LUN ID is used by SAN admin's to identify LUN's.  It's not readily available from the GUI and has to be extracted from the vml file...
 
So from the following...
* <code> /vmfs/devices/disks/vml.020006000060060160c6931100cc319eea7adddd11524149442035 </code>
you need to extract the mid characters from the vml name...
* <code> /vmfs/devices/disks/vml.0200060000'''60060160c6931100cc319eea7adddd11'''524149442035 </code>
So the SAN LUN ID is <code> 60060160c6931100cc319eea7adddd11 </code>
 
=== Emulex ===
==== Find Emulex HBA Driver and Firmware Version, and WWPN ====
Doesn't require Emulex HBA utility to be installed
# <code> cd /proc/scsi/lpfc </code>
# <code>  more 1 </code> for HBA 1
# <code>  more 2 </code> for HBA 2
 
The <code> Portname </code> number is the WWPN number used to identify the HBA's by the SAN.
<pre>
[root@uklonesxp2 lpfc]# more 1
Emulex LightPulse FC SCSI 7.1.14_vmw1
Emulex LightPulse LP1050 2 Gigabit PCI Fibre Channel Adapter on PCI bus 0f devic
e 20 irq 121
SerialNum: BG70569148
Firmware Version: 1.91A1 (M2F1.91A1)
Hdw: 1001206d
VendorId: 0xf0a510df
Portname: 10:00:00:00:c9:61:73:de  Nodename: 20:00:00:00:c9:61:73:de
 
Link Up - Ready:
  PortID 0x645213
  Fabric
  Current speed 2G
</pre>
 
==== Install Emulex HBA Utility ====
Can be found at [http://www.emulex.com/vmware/support/index.jsp Emulex Lputil].
 
To install lputil (uses example of lpfcutil-7.1.14;
# Put the downloaded tgz file on the ESX server
#* EG <code> mkdir /var/updates/Emulex-lpfcutil-7.1.14 </code>
# Go into folder and extract;
#* <code> cd /var/updates/Emulex-lpfcutil-7.1.14/ </code>
#* <code> tar -xvzf Emulex-lpfcutil-7.1.14.tgz </code>
# Install;
#* <code> ./Install.sh </code>
<pre>
[root@uklonesxp2 Emulex-lpfcutil-7.1.14]# ./Install.sh
Installing Emulex HBAAPI libraries and applications...
Installation of Emulex HBAAPI libraries and utilities is completed.
</pre>
* Start the utility (on startup it should detect one or more HBA's);
* <code> /usr/sbin/lpfc/lputil </code>
<pre>
LightPulse Common Utility for Linux. Version 1.6a10 (10/7/2004).
Copyright (c) 2004, Emulex Network Systems, Inc.
 
Emulex Fibre Channel Host Adapters Detected: 1
Host Adapter 0 (lpfc0) is an LP1050 (Ready Mode)
</pre>
 
==== HBAnywhere Installation ====
# Download the Driver and Application kit for VMware from [http://www.emulex.com/downloads/emulex/cnas-and-hbas/drivers/vmware/fc-74040-pkg.html Emulex's website].
#* At time of writing the current version of package was <code>elxvmwarecorekit-esx35-4.0a45-1.i386.rpm</code>
# Copy the package to the server
#* EG <code> pscp -pw [password] elxvmwarecorekit-esx35-4.0a45-1.i386.rpm platadmn@dtcp-esxsvce01a:/home/platadmn</code>
# Install the package
#* EG <code> rpm -ivh elxvmwarecorekit-2.1a42-1.i386.rpm </code>
 
==== Check Emulex HBA Firmware Version ====
Requires the HBA Utility to be installed 1st (see above)
 
# Start the utility (on startup it should detect one or more HBA's;
#* <code> /usr/sbin/lpfc/lputil </code>
# From the Main menu, enter 2, '''Adapter Revision Levels'''
#* Example shows version 1.91a5
<pre>
                  BIU: 1001206D
      Sequence Manager: 00000000
                Endec: 00000000
  Operational Firmware: SLI-2 Overlay
                Kernel: 1.40a3
      Initial Firmware: Initial Load 1.91a5 (MS1.91A5 )
                SLI-1: SLI-1 Overlay 1.91a5 (M1F1.91A5 )
                SLI-2: SLI-2 Overlay 1.91a5 (M2F1.91A5 )
Highest FC-PH Version: 4.3
  Lowest FC-PH Version: 4.3
</pre>
 
 
==== Update Emulex HBA Firmware ====
* '''Using HBA Utility''' (must be installed 1st - see above).  See the Emulex website for the latest version, eg [http://www.emulex.com/ts/downloads/lp1050/lp1050ex.jsp Emulex LP1050Ex]
 
To update the firmware (example uses LP1050Ex-mf191a5)
# Put the downloaded zip file on the UKLONVCP1 NFS Share, and unzip to a folder, eg EmulexLP1050Ex-mf191a5
# Create folder in /var/updates;
#* <code> mkdir /var/updates/EmulexLP1050Ex-mf191a5 </code>
# Copy the firmware update onto the ESX
#* <code> cp /vmfs/volumes/UKLONVCP1\ NFS\ Share/EmulexLP1050Ex-mf191a5/mf191a5.all /var/updates/EmulexLP1050Ex-mf191a5/ </code>
# Start the utility (on startup it should detect one or more HBA's;
#* <code> /usr/sbin/lpfc/lputil </code>
# From the Main menu, enter 3, '''Firmware Maintenance'''.
# If prompted, choose the HBA that is being updated.
# Enter 1, '''Load Firmware Image'''.
# Enter the full path to the firmware file, upgrade will then complete, eg
<pre>
Enter Image Filename => /var/updates/EmulexLP1050Ex-mf191a5/mf191a5.all
Opening File...
End Of File
Checksum OK!!!
Reading AIF Header #1...
Validating Checksum...
Erasing Flash ROM Sectors...
100% complete
Loading Image...
First Download
100% complete
Image Successfully Downloaded...
Reading AIF Header #2...
Validating Checksum...
Erasing Flash ROM Sectors...
100% complete
Loading Image...
First Download
100% complete
Updating Wakeup Parameters...
Image Successfully Downloaded...
Reading AIF Header #3...
End Of File
Resetting Host Adapter...
Image Successfully Downloaded...
</pre>
 
 
* '''Using HBAnywhere''' (must be installed 1st - see above)
# Download the correct firmware version from Emulex's website
#* EG for [http://www.emulex.com/downloads/emulex/cnas-and-hbas/firmware-and-boot-code/lpe11002.html LPe11002's]
# Extract, and copy file to server
# Find adapter's WWPN's
#* EG <code>/usr/sbin/hbanyware/hbacmd ListHBAs</code>
# Download new firware version to each HBA
#* EG <code>/usr/sbin/hbanyware/hbacmd download 10:00:00:00:c9:82:97:9e zf280a4.all</code>
 
==== EMCgrab Collection ====
# Download correct verion from EMC's website
#* At time of writing the current version file was [ftp://ftp.emc.com/pub/emcgrab/ESX/Old_Releases/v1.1/ emcgrab_ESX_v1.1.tar]
# Copy to server
#* EG <code>pscp emcgrab_ESX_v1.1.tar platadmn@dtcp-esxsvce02a:/home/platadmn</code>
# Uncompress the file
#* EG <code>tar -xvf emcgrab_ESX_v1.1.tar</code>
# Run grab (can take a few minutes, best done out of hours)
#* EG <code>./emcgrab.sh</code>
# Results can be found in <code>\emcgrab\outputs</code> folder
 
=== QLogic ===
==== Find QLogic HBA Driver and Firmware Version ====
# <code> cd /proc/scsi/qla2300 </code>
# <code>  more 1 </code> for HBA 1
<pre>
[root@uklonesxp1 qla2300]# more 1
QLogic PCI to Fibre Channel Host Adapter for QLA2340 :
        Firmware version:  3.03.19, Driver version 7.07.04
Entry address = 0x7dc314
HBA: QLA2312 , Serial# E79916
Request Queue = 0x3f403000, Response Queue = 0x3f414000
...
</pre>
 
 
==== Install QLogic HBA Utility ====
Installation instructions for the SANsurfer utility
# Put the downloaded tgz file on the UKLONVCP1 NFS Share, eg scli-1.7.0-12.i386.rpm.gz
# Copy to folder /var/updates (create if it doesn't exist)
#* <code> cp /vmfs/volumes/UKLONVCP1\ NFS\ Share/scli-1.7.0-12.i386.rpm.gz  /var/updates </code>
# Uncompress the file with the following command;
#* <code> gunzip scli-1.7.0-12.i386.rpm.gz </code>
# Enter the following commands to install the package, and then check its installed;
#* rpm -iv scli-1.7.0-12.i386.rpm
#* rpm -q scli
<pre>
[root@uklonesxp1 updates]# rpm -iv scli-1.7.0-12.i386.rpm
Preparing packages for installation...
scli-1.7.0-12
[root@uklonesxp1 updates]# rpm -q scli
scli-1.7.0-12
</pre>
 
 
==== Update QLogic HBA Firmware ====
See QLogic website for latest version, you must ensure the firmware version is compatible with the current running driver version.  Requires SANsurfer to be installed 1st (see above)
 
# Put the downloaded tgz file on the UKLONVCP1 NFS Share, eg q231x_234x_bios147.zip, and unzip to folder
# Create a new folder for the update;
#* <code> mkdir /var/updates/q231x_234x_bios147
# Copy the firmware onto the ESX server;
#* <code> cp /vmfs/volumes/UKLONVCP1\ NFS\ Share/q231x_234x_bios147/QL23ROM.BIN /var/updates/q231x_234x_bios147/ </code>
# Move to the folder containing the update;
#* <code> cd /var/updates/q231x_234x_bios147/ </code>
# Start the SANsurfer utility
#* <code> scli </code>
# Go into the '''HBA Utilities''' option
# Select the '''Save Flash'' option
# Follow the prompts to save the flash to a backup file, eg BackupROM.bin
# Select the '''Update Flash''' option
# Follow the prompts to update the flash, using the file copied to the ESX, eg QL23ROM.BIN
<pre>
Enter a file name or Hit <RETURN> to abort: QL23ROM.BIN
Updating flash on HBA 0 - QLA2340 . Please wait...
Option ROM update complete. Changes have been saved to the HBA 0.
Please reboot the system for the changes to take effect.
Updating flash on HBA 1 - QLA2340 . Please wait...
Option ROM update complete. Changes have been saved to the HBA 1.
Please reboot the system for the changes to take effect.
</pre>
 
 
=== SAN Downtime ===
ESX's don't like to loose the SAN, to the extent that during the scheduled SAN downtime the following is recommended...
# Shutdown ESX's (and hosted VM's) connected to affected storage
# Perform SAN maintenance
# Restart ESX's (and hosted VM's)
If the above is not possible then its recommended that...
# Migrate away/shutdown VM's that are hosted on affected storage
# Un-present LUN's
# Resan LUN's from ESX and confirm they disappear (any VM's on extinct storage will become greyed-out)
# Perform SAN maintenance
# Re-present LUN's
# Re-scan LUN's from ESX and confirm that they re-appear (grey-ed out VM's should ''reconnect'')
# Restart / migrate VM's
 
== Netflow ==
'''Netflow is available on ESX v3 only, and is an experimental feature.  Netflow v5 is sent.'''
 
* '''To start Netflow'''
*# Load the module
*#* <code> vmkload_mod netflow </code>
*# Configure monitoring of appropriate vSwitch's to Netflow collector IP and port
*#* <code> /usr/lib/vmware/bin/vmkload_app -S -i vmktcp /usr/lib/vmware/bin/net-netflow -e vSwitch0,vSwitch1 10.20.255.31:2055 </code>
** To reconfigure the Netflow module you must stop and restart the module
 
* '''To confirm running'''
*# Check the module is running...
*#* <code> [root@esx1 root]# vmkload_mod -l | grep netflow </code>
*#* <code> netflow            0x9b4000          0x3000      0x298b640        0x1000        16 Yes </code>
*# Check the correct config is running...
*#* <code> [root@esx1 root]# ps -ef | grep netflow </code>
*#* <code> root      2413    1  0 Feb05 ?        00:00:00 /usr/lib/vmware/bin/vmkload_app -S -i vmktcp /usr/lib/vmware/bin/net-netflow -e vSwitch0,vSwitch1 10.20.255.31:2055 </code>
 
* '''To stop Netflow'''
*# <code> ps -ef | grep netflow </code>
*# <code> kill <pid> </code>
*# <code> vmkload_mod -u netflow </code>
 
== Change Service Console IP Information ==
Logged in as root use the esxcfg-vswif command <code>esxcfg-vswif <options> [vswif] </code>
 
Description: Creates and updates service console network settings. This command is used if you cannot manage the ESX Server host through the VI Client because of network configuration issues.
 
Note that the -l command will display the names(s) of the virtual switches which must be specified on the other commands so the trailing [vswif] is not optional on most commands.
 
Options:
 
-a Add vswif, requires IP parameters. Automatically enables interface.
-d Delete vswif.
-l List configured vswifs.
-e Enable this vswif interface.
-s Disable this vswif interface.
-p Set the portgroup name of the vswif.
-i <x.x.x.x> or DHCP The IP address for this vswif or specify DHCP to use DHCP for this address.
-n <x.x.x.x> The IP netmask for this vswif.
-b <x.x.x.x> The IP broadcast address for this vswif. (not required if netmask and ip are set)
-c Check to see if a virtual NIC exists. Program outputs a 1 if the given vswif exists, 0 otherwise.
-D Disable all vswif interfaces. (WARNING: This may result in a loss of network connectivity to the Service Console)
-E Enable all vswif interfaces and bring them up.
-r Restore all vswifs from the configuration file. (Internal use only)
-h Displays command help.
 
Note: You set the Service Console default gateway by editing the /etc/sysconfig/network file or through the VI Client under Configuration, DNS & Routing.
 
Note: You set the Service Console VLAN (to 1234) using a similar command to:  <code>esxcfg-vswitch -v1234 -p"Service Console" vSwitch0></code>
 
== Change Timezone ==
# Log into the ESX Server service console as root.
# Find the desired time zone under the directory /usr/share/zoneinfo
# Edit <code> /etc/sysconfig/clock </code> Edit this file to show the relative path to the file representing the new time zone, and ensure that UTC and ARC are set as shown:
#* <code> ZONE="Etc/GMT" </code>
#* <code> UTC=true </code>
#* <code> ARC=false </code>
# Copy the desired time zone file to /etc/localtime
#* <code> cp /usr/share/zoneinfo/GMT /etc/localtime </code>
# Confirm that /etc/localtime has been updated with the correct zoneinfo data using the following steps:
# Reference the zoneinfo file used in step 2 and compare it to /etc/localtime, if the files are identical, your prompt will return without any output.
#* <code> diff /etc/localtime /usr/share/zoneinfo/GMT </code>
# Confirm the system and hardware clocks are correct. Use the Linux date command to check and set the correct time if necessary.
#* Set the hardware clock to match the correct system time.
#* Set the system clock to the local date and time: \\\\ date MMDDhhmmYYYY
# Update the hardware clock with current time of the system clock;
#* <code> /sbin/hwclock --systohc </code>
 
= Troubleshooting =
== Useful paths / logfiles==
'''Timestamps in logfiles are in UTC !!!'''
=== ESX ===
{|cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1"
|-
! Item                !!  Path                                    !!  Comments
|-
| Vmkernel logfile    || <code> /var/log/vmkernel  </code>        ||  Pretty much everything seems to be recorded here
|-
| Vmkernel warnings  || <code> /var/log/vmkwarning  </code>      ||  Virtual machine warnings
|-
| Host Daemon logfile || <code> /var/log/vmware/hostd.log </code> ||  Services log
|-
| vCentre Agent logfile || <code> /var/log/vmware/vpx/vpxa.log </code> || vCentre agent
|-
| Local VM files      || <code> /vmfs/volumes/storage </code>    ||  Storage name can vary, use TAB so shell selects available
|-
| SAN VM files        || <code> /vmfs/volumes/SAN </code>        ||
|-
| HA agent logs      || <code> /opt/LGTOaam512/log/ </code>      ||  Various logs of limited use
|}
 
=== ESXi ===
To view logfiles from an ESX'''i''' server, they need to be downloaded to your client machine 1st, and then viewed from there...
# Using VI Client, go to '''File | Export | Export System Logs...'''
#* Tick the appropriate object
#* Untick ''Include information from vCenter Server and vSphere Client'', unless you additionally want this info
# Once exported, uncompress the ESX's tgz file
However, this is most easily achieved if you've got the PowerCLI installed, in which case see [[VI_Toolkit_(PowerShell)#ESXi_Logs|ESXi Logs via PowerCLI]]
 
{|cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1"
|-
! Name          !!  PowerCLI Key            !!  Diagnostic Dump Path                        !!  Comments
|-
| Syslog        ||  <code> messages </code>  ||  <code> /var/log/messages </code>            ||  Equivalent to ESX ''hostd'' and ''vmkernel'' logs combined
|-
| Host Daemon    ||  <code> hostd </code>    ||  <code> /var/log/vmware/hostd.log </code>    ||  Equivalent to ESX ''hostd'' log
|-
| vCenter Agent  ||  <code> vpxa </code>      ||  <code> /var/log/vmware/vpx/vpxa.log </code> || 
|}
 
'''Logfiles get lost at restart !''' If you have to restart your ESX (say, because it locked up) there will be no logs prior to the most recent boot.  In theory they'll get written to a dump file if a crash is detected, but I've never found them, so assume they're only generated during a semi-graceful software crash. 
 
However, there is a way around this.  Message's can be sent to a syslog file (say on centrally available SAN LUN), a syslog server (in both cases see http://kb.vmware.com/selfservice/microsites/search.do?language=en_US&cmd=displayKC&externalId=1016621), or to a vMA server (see http://www.vmware.com/support/developer/vima/vima40/doc/vma_40_guide.pdf).
 
=== ESXi Tech Support Mode ===
There's no Service Console on ESXi, so you have to do without.  Well almost, there is the ''unsupported'' Tech Support Mode, which is a lightweight Service Console, to enable...
 
'''ESXi 3.5 and 4.0'''
# Go to the local ESXi console and press Alt+F1
# Type '''unsupported'''
# Blindly type the root password (yes, there's no prompt)
# Edit <code> /etc/inetd.conf </code> and uncomment (remove the #) from the line that starts with <code> #ssh </code>, and save
# Restart the management service <code> /sbin/services.sh restart </code>
 
'''ESXi 4.1'''
# Go to the local ESXi console and press F2
# Enter root user and pass
# Go to the '''Troubleshooting Options'''
# Enable '''Local Tech Support''' or '''Remote Tech Support (SSH)''' as required
Alternatively...
# From the vSphere Client, select the host and click the '''Configuration''' tab
# Go to '''Security profile > Properties'''
# Select '''Local Tech Support''' or '''Remote Tech Support (SSH)''' and click '''Options''' button
# Choose the '''Start automatically''' startup policy, click '''Start''', and then '''OK'''.
 
== CPU ==
=== Poor performance ===
Basic things to check are that the VM or the ESX its hosted on aren't saturating their available CPU.  However if VM's are performing sluggishly and/or are slow to start, depsite not appearing to be excessively using CPU time futehr investigation is required...
 
* Use <code>esxtop</code> on the ESX service console.  Look at Ready Time (%RDY), which is how long a VM is waiting for CPUs to become available.
* Alternatively look for CPU Ready in performance charts.  Here its measured in msec, over the normal 20 sec sampling interval.
 
CPU Ready can creep up if the the system is pushed, or if the VM has multiple CPUs (as it needs multiple physical CPUs to become available at the same time, aka CPU Co-Scheduling).  Multiple CPU's are especially a problem in environments where there are large number of SMP VM's.
 
{|cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1"
|-
! % CPU Ready !! MSec CPU Ready !! Performance
|-
| < 1..25 %  || < 500 msec    || Excellent
|-
| < 2.5 %    || < 500 msec    || Good
|-
| < 5 %      || < 1000 msec    || Acceptible
|-
| < 10 %      || < 2000 msec    || Poor
|-
| > 15 %      || > 3000 msec    || Bad
|}
 
CPU Co-Scheduling is more relaxed in ESX4 than ESX3, due to changes in the way that differences to seperate vCPU's progress within a single VM are calculated.  Meaning that the derogatory affect on pCPU effciency of having multiple CPU VM is reduced (but ''not'' eliminated). See http://www.vmware.com/files/pdf/perf-vsphere-cpu_scheduler.pdf for further info.
 
== Storage ==
=== Poor throughput ===
Use <code>esxtop</code> on the service console and switch to the disk monitor.  Enable views for latency, you will see values like GAVG, KAVG and DAVG.
* '''GAVG''' is the total guest experienced latency on IO commands averaged over 2 seconds
* '''KAVG''' is the vmkernel/hypervisor IO latency averaged over 2 seconds
* '''DAVG''' is the device (HBA) IO latency averaged over the last 2 seconds (will include any latency at lower level, eg SAN)
 
Latency occurs when the hypervisor or physical storage cannot keep pace with the demand for IO, as a rough guide to indicate if theres a problem or not...
{|cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1"
|-
! Latency up to !! Status
|-
| 2 ms          || Excellent - look elsewhere
|-
| 10 ms        || Good
|-
| 20 ms        || Reasonable
|-
| 50 ms        || Poor / Busy
|-
| higher        || Bad
|}
 
=== Storage Monitor Log Entries ===
How to decode the following type of entries...
Sep  3 15:15:14 tfukesxent1 vmkernel: 85:01:23:01.532 cpu4:2264)StorageMonitor: 196: vmhba1:2:0:0 status = 2/0 0x6 0x2a 0x1
Sep  3 15:15:32 tfukesxent1 vmkernel: 85:01:23:19.391 cpu4:2253)StorageMonitor: 196: vmhba1:3:9:0 status = 2/0 0x6 0x2a 0x1
 
The status message consists of the follow four decimal and hex blocks...
{| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" border="1"
|-
|''Device Status'' / ''Host Status'' || ''Sense Key'' || ''Additional Sense Code'' || ''Additional Sense Code Qualifier''
|}
 
Where the ESX Device and SAN host status' mean...
{| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" border="1"
|-
! Decimal !! Device Status        !! Host Status      !! Comments
|-
| 0      || No Errors            || Host_OK          ||
|-
| 1      ||                      || Host No_Connect  ||
|-
| 2      || Check Condition      || Host_Busy_Busy  ||
|-
| 3      ||                      || Host_Timeout    ||
|-
| 4      ||                      || Host_Bad_Target  ||
|-
| 5      ||                      || Host_Abort      ||
|-
| 6      ||                      || Host_Parity      ||
|-
| 7      ||                      || Host_Error      ||
|-
| 8      || Device Busy          || Host_Reset      ||
|-
| 9      ||                      || Host_Bad_INTR    ||
|-
| 10      ||                      || Host_PassThrough ||
|-
| 11      ||                      || Host_Soft_Error  ||
|-
| 24      || Reservation Conflict ||                  ||  24/0 indicates a locking error, normally caused by too many ESX's mounting a LON, wrong config on storage array, or too many VM's on a LUN
|}
 
Where the Sense Key mean...
{| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" border="1"
|-
! Hex !! Sense Key
|-
| 0x0 || No Sense Information
|-
| 0x1 || Last command completed but used error correction
|-
| 0x2 || Unit Not Ready
|-
| 0x3 || Medium Error
|-
| 0x4 || Hardware Error
|-
| 0x5 || ILLEGAL_REQUEST (Passive SP)
|-
| 0x6 || LUN Reset
|-
| 0x7 || Data_Protect - Access to data is blocked
|-
| 0x8 || Blank_Check - Reached an unexpected region
|-
| 0xa || Copy_Aborted
|-
| 0xb || Aborted_Command - Target aborted command
|-
| 0xc || Comparison for SEARCH DATA unsuccessful
|-
| 0xd || Volume_Overflow - Medium is full
|-
| 0xe || Source and Data on Medium do not agree
|}
 
The Additional Sense Code and Additional Sense Code Qualifier mean
{| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" border="1"
|-
! Hex !! Sense Code
|-
| 0x4 || Unit Not Ready
|-
| 0x3 || Unit Not Ready - Manual Intervention Required
|-
| 0x2 || Unit Not Ready - Initializing Command Required
|-
| 0x29 || Device Power on or SCSI Reset
|}
 
=== Recovering VM's from failed storage ===
Procedure generated from an occasion where the ESX software was installed on top of the shared SAN VMFS storage, where the VM files still existed so the VM’s continued to run, but as the file system index no longer existed, the vmdk’s etc were orphaned and would be lost if the VM’s were to be restarted.  Though it could be adapted to suit any situation where the ESX datastore is corrupted, cannot power on VM’s, and rebooting a VM would lose it.  However, its well worth calling VMware support before carrying this out, they may be able to provide an easier solution.
 
# On each VM
## Shut-down running applications
## Install VMware Converter (Typical install, all default options)
## Hot migrate local VM to a new VM on new storage
### As VMware converter starts, select '''Continue in Starter Mode'''
### Select '''Import Machine''' from the bottom of the initial screen
### Select source as '''Physical Machine''', then on next screen '''This local machine'''
### Select default options for source disk
### Select '''VMware ESX server...''' as your destination
### Enter ESX hostname, and root user/pass
### Enter new VM name, e.g. ''myserver''-recov (not the same as the existing, it will let you do it, but the VC isn’t happy later on)
### Select host
### Select datastore
### Select network and uncheck '''Connect at power on...'''
### Don’t select power on after creation, and let the migration run
## Reconfig the new VM, edit its settings as follows
##* Floppy Drive 1 --> Client Device
##* CD/DVD Drive 1 --> Client Device
##* Parallel Port 1 --> Remove
##* Serial Port 1 --> Remove
##* Serial Port 2 --> Remove
##* USB Controller --> Remove
## Power up the new VM and check it over
## Power off the old VM (you will lose it forever, be very sure the new VM is good)
## Connect the network of the new VM
## Delete the old VM
# Delete the knackered SAN datastore and refresh on all other ESX’s that share it (deletes the name but doesn’t free up any space)
# Create a new SAN datastore (this formats the old space)
# Refresh on all other ESX’s that share the datastore
# Shutdown all the new VM’s
# Clone them to the new SAN datastore using the original name (e.g. ''myserver'')
# Power up new new VM’s on SAN datastore, confirm OK, then delete ''myserver''-recov servers
 
=== Recover lost SAN VMFS partition ===
EG After a powerdown, ESX's can see the SAN storage, but the VMFS cannot be found in the Storage part of the ESX config, even after Refresh.  To fix, the VMFS needs to be resignatured...
 
'''Do not attempt to ''Add Storage'' to recover the VMFS, this will format the partition'''
 
# On one of the ESX's, in Advanced Settings, change LVM.EnableResignature to 1
# '''Refresh''' Storage, the VMFS should be found with a new name, something like snap-000000002-''OriginalName''.
# '''Remove from Inventory''' all VM's from the old storage, the old storage should disappear from the list of datastores
# Rename the found storage to the original name
# '''Refresh''' Storage on all other ESX's, they should see the VMFS again
# Revert LVM.EnableResignature on the appropriate ESX
# Via the ESX, browse the datastore and re-add the VM's to the inventory (right-click over the .vmx file)
#* For a Virtual Machine Question about what to do about a UUID, select Keep
 
== Snapshots ==
http://geosub.es/vmutils/Troubleshooting.Virtual.Machine.snapshot.problems/Troubleshooting.Virtual.Machine.snapshot.problems.html
 
See also [[Virtual_Machines#Can.27t_Snapshot|Virtual Machines Snapshot Troubleshooting]]
 
== Random Problems ==
=== ESXi Lockup ===
Affects ESXi v3.5 Update 4 ''only''.  Caused by a problem with updated CIM software in Update 4. 
 
* Workaround
** Disable CIM (disables hardware monitoring) by setting <code>Advanced Settings | Misc | Misc.CimEnabled</code> to <code>0</code> (restart to apply)
* Fix
** Apply patch ESXe350-200910401-I-SG, see http://kb.vmware.com/kb/1014761
 
For further info see http://kb.vmware.com/selfservice/microsites/search.do?language=en_US&cmd=displayKC&externalId=1012575
 
=== Cimserver High CPU ===
Caused by problems with the VMware CIM server software. However can be caused by other problems causing it to go nuts (check VMKernel logs, etc).
 
* Restart
** <code> service pegasus restart </code>
 
[[Category:VMware]]

Latest revision as of 11:14, 24 September 2012

Build Notes

  • ESX3 Installation - Example, based on an old ESX v3 build guide
  • ESX4i Installation - Example, bit brief in places
  • HeavyLoad - Load tester (stick it in a test VM, memory test doesn't really work as ESX page sharing kicks in)

Build Numbers

ESX build numbers, note that installing subsequent patches, on top of one of the major releases below will increase the build number.

ESX version ESX ESXi
3.5 Update 1 82663 82664
3.5 Update 2 110268 110271
3.5 Update 3 123630 123629
3.5 Update 4 153875
3.5 Update 5 207095
4.0 164009
4.0 Update 1 208167
4.0 Update 2 261974
4.0 Update 3 398348
4.0 Update 4 504850
4.1 260247
4.1 Update 1 348481
4.1 Update 2 502767
4.1 Update 3 800380
5.0 469512
5.0 Update 1 623860
5.1 799733

USB Image

If you're installing ESXi 4 then you don't need to do this, the installer will detect the USB stick and install to it.

Required software etc...

  • WinImage - http://www.winimage.com/download.htm
  • DD - http://www.chrysocome.net/dd
  • ESXi install ISO
  • Disk Cloner, eg G4U - http://www.feyrer.de/g4u/
    • Ideally use a cloner that ignores the actual disk contents and does a block by block copy, anything that tries to interpret the disk image may not copy it faithfully
  • You must be able to connect two image files remotely to your server, a disk cloner CD ISO, and the image USB ISO (hint: use the floppy drive).

Creating the USB image file

  1. Open up the ISO with WinImage
  2. Extract the INSTALL.TGZ from the ISO
  3. Uncompress INSTALL.TGZ and locate .\INSTALL\usr\lib\vmware\installer\VMware-VMvisor-big-3.5.0_Update_4-153875.i386.dd.bz2
  4. Uncompress VMware-VMvisor-big-3.5.0_Update_4-153875.i386.dd.bz2 so that you have VMware-VMvisor-big-3.5.0_Update_4-153875.i386.dd
  5. Create ISO image from DD image by using DD
    • dd bs=1M if=VMware-VMvisor-big-3.5.0_Update_4-153875.i386.dd of=esx3.5ihp-usbimage.iso

Deploying the USB image file

  1. Attach your disk cloner image to your server and boot
  2. Once the the server is booting to the CD ISO, attach the USB ISO
  3. List the avaialble disks
    • list
  4. Identify the image disk (which is 750MB) and the USB disk (which will be whatever size your USB key is)
  5. Copy the image to the USB key
    • copydisk sd1 sd0
  6. Disconnect all images, reboot server, cross fingers
    • reboot

VMware CLI

Especially if using ESXi, you'll need to install the VMware CLI on any machine you want to access the ESX command line from. Be aware that ActivePerl gets installed as well, so proceed with caution if you've already got Perl installed on the machine.

Security Hardening

Service Console

Applicable to ESX only (not ESXi, as ESXi doesn't have a service console)

Disk Partitions

Suggesting partition sizing for Service Console on local disk to prevent Root partition being filled with user data 

part /boot --fstype ext3 --size 1024 --ondisk=sda --asprimary
part / --fstype ext3 --size 5120 --ondisk=sda --asprimary
part swap --size 2048 --ondisk=sda --asprimary
part /var --fstype ext3 --size 5120 --ondisk=sda
part /tmp --fstype ext3 --size 5120 --ondisk=sda
part /home --fstype ext3 --size 2048 --ondisk=sda
part None --fstype vmkcore --size 100 --ondisk sda

Local Accounts

Password Policy

No policy is implemented by default, if not using AD Integration then its sensible to apply a policy on the ESX, using the PAMQC module. Its not particularly elegant.

Active Directory Integration

Because service console authentication is Unix-based, it cannot use Active Directory to define user accounts. However, it can use Active Directory to authenticate users by matching local passwd file account name with Active directory with appropriate support of SFU (Services For Unix).

See Scott Lowe's blog for further info

Sudo

It is possible to limit the enhanced privileges that a user can gain by using sudo. This is most appropriate where there is a large number admins. However, in such an environment there is likely to be a large number of ESX's, managing the config on ESX is a headache.

Example of possible sudo config (/etc/sudoers) 

...
# Defaults specification
Defaults logfile=/var/log/sudolog

# User privilege specification
root    ALL=(ALL) ALL
User_Alias VI_JR_ADMINS=esxoper, esxoper2
User_Alias VI_ADMINS=esxadmin

Cmnd_Alias STOP=/usr/sbin/shutdown, /usr/sbin/halt, /usr/sbin/poweroff 
Cmnd_Alias REBOOT=/usr/sbin/reboot
Cmnd_Alias KILL=/usr/bin/kill 
Cmnd_Alias NTP=/usr/sbin/ntpdate, /sbin/hwclock 

VI_JR_ADMINS ALL=STOP, REBOOT, KILL, NTP
VI_ADMINS ALL=(ALL) ALL
...

Logging

It is recommended to compress and increase the maximum log file size by modifying the configuration files in the /etc/logrotate.d directory and the /etc/logrotate.conf file.

For example, changing vmkwarning to be 2096k in size, and compressed... 

[root@dtcp-esxsvce01b root]# more /etc/logrotate.d/vmkwarning
/var/log/vmkwarning{
    create 0600 root root
    missingok
    compress
    sharedscripts
    postrotate
    size 2096k
        /bin/kill -HUP `cat /var/run/syslogd.pid 2> /dev/null` 2> /dev/null || true
    endscript
}

...and changing relevent part of /etc/logrotate.conf to allow compression... 

...
# uncomment this if you want your log files compressed
compress

...

Finally, its worth redirecting sudo log activity to /var/log/sudolog, see above section on sudo.

Banners

There are three modes of direct management access to an ESX, web, ssh, and direct (local) console.

Web Access

Edit the html page /usr/lib/vmware/hostd/docroot/index.html

SSH

Edit the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file so that it knows to display a defined banner file during login... 

Banner /etc/banner

Create the banner file with the appropriate contents.

Console

Prepend your banner to the /etc/issue file

ESX

Network Settings

Setting Default Preferred Explanantion
Promiscuous Mode Reject Reject Principally used in situations where you need to perform a network traffic (snif) capture. Data from all ports propagates to all ports (VM Port group becomes a hub rather than a switch)
MAC address changes Accept Reject There are situations where allowing MAC Address Changes to Accept is required. For example; legacy applications, clustered environments, and licensing. Legacy applications may require a specific MAC addresses to be used for the application. Microsoft Clusters utilize an artificial MAC address for all servers in the cluster
Forged Transmits Accept Reject The setting affects traffic transmitted from a virtual machine. If this option is set to reject, the virtual switch compares the source MAC address being transmitted by the operating system with the effective MAC address for its virtual network adapter to see if they are the same. If the MAC addresses are different, the virtual switch drops the frame. The guest operating system will not detect that its virtual network adapter cannot send packets using the different MAC address. To protect against MAC address impersonation, all virtual switches should have forged transmissions set to reject
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